Max Planck's pioneering work transcended the traditional boundaries of scientific thought, triggering a paradigm shift that has defined modern physics.

马克斯·普朗克的开创性工作超越了科学思想的传统界限，引发了定义现代物理学的范式转变。

Few physicists have bothered to question or test the general theory of relativity since it became established as one of the landmarks of scientific thought.

自从广义相对论被确立为科学思想的里程碑之一以来，很少有物理学家费心去质疑或检验它。

The second was an overhaul of the core of  scientific thought from one based on abstract philosophy to an empirically centered method. Let's examine the challenge to religion first.

第二个是对科学思想的核心进行全面改革，从基于抽象哲学的思想转变为以经验为中心的方法。让我们先来看看对宗教的挑战。

Plus, if we stretch our definition of Renaissance thought to include scientific thought, there is a definite case to be made that Muslim scholars influenced Copernicus, arguably the Renaissance's greatest mind.

另外，如果我们将文艺复兴思想的定义扩展到包括科学思想，那么可以肯定的是， 穆斯林学者影响了哥白尼， 他可以说是文艺复兴时期最伟大的思想家。

Yet on a closer attention to the subject, it is found that not even scientific thought can dispense with the suggestions, the instruction, the stimulus, the sympathy, the intercourse with mankind on a large scale, which such meetings secure.

然而，如果更密切地关注这个主题，就会发现即使是科学思想也不能免除建议、指导、刺激、同情以及与人类的大规模交流，而这些会议正是这些会议所确保的。