Take cigarettes. Cigarettes generate high external costs on society.

以香烟为例。香烟会给社会带来高昂的外部成本。

Those external costs are paid by people downstream, and they are likely to be ignored by the factory owner.

这些外部成本是由下游的人支付的，他们很可能会被工厂老板忽略。

Externalities are situations when there's an external costs or external benefits that accrue to other people or society as a whole.

外部性是指外部成本或外部利益对其他人或整个社会产生影响的情况。

Higher prices, called price premiums, can be justified as a way to compensate farmers for providing ecosystem services and avoiding environmental damage or external costs.

更高的价格， 称为价格溢价，可以作为补偿农民提供生态系统服务和避免环境破坏或外部成本的一种方式。