They were polished by the Dutch philosopher Spinoza sometime during the mid-1600s.

在 1600 年代中期的某个时候，荷兰哲学家斯宾诺莎对它们进行了完善。

To Spinoza, God did not create the world in order to stand outside it.

对斯宾诺莎来说，上帝创造世界并不是为了站在世界之外。

This was the work of Leibnitz and Spinoza, of Kant and Hegel, and those who labored with them.

这是莱布尼茨和斯宾诺莎、康德和黑格尔以及与他们一起工作的人的工作。

Callicles is not just the progenitor of Nietzsche, he is also the precursor of Spinoza, Deleuze, and, on a certain reading, Lacan, where the ethical demand of psychoanalysis is not to give way to one's desire.

卡里克勒斯不仅是尼采的先驱，他还是斯宾诺莎、德勒兹的先驱，从某种意义上说，还有拉康，其中精神分析的伦理要求是不让位于个人的欲望。

" Spinoza emphasizes that there is only one being which is totally and utterly 'its own cause' and can act with complete freedom. Only God or nature is the expression of such a free and 'nonaccidental' process" .

“斯宾诺莎强调， 只有一个存在完全是‘它自己的原因’， 并且可以完全自由地行动。 只有上帝或自然才是这种自由和‘非偶然’过程的表达” 。