Radiance

In radiometry, radiance is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received by a surface, per unit solid angle per unit projected area, and spectral radiance is the radiance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. These are directional quantities. The SI unit of radiance is the watt per steradian per square metre (W·sr·m), while that of spectral radiance in frequency is the watt per steradian per square metre per hertz (W·sr·m·Hz) and that of spectral radiance in wavelength is the watt per steradian per square metre, per metre (W·sr·m)—commonly the watt per steradian per square metre per nanometre (W·sr·m·nm). The microflick is also used to measure spectral radiance in some fields. Radiance is used to characterize diffuse emission and reflection of electromagnetic radiation, or to quantify emission of neutrinos and other particles. Historically, radiance is called "intensity" and spectral radiance is called "specific intensity". Many fields still use this nomenclature. It is especially dominant in heat transfer, astrophysics and astronomy. "Intensity" has many other meanings in physics, with the most common being power per unit area.