日本学术会议（日语：日本学术会议／にほんがくじゅつかいぎ、英语：Science Council of Japan），是属于日本内阁府的特别机关。

日本学术会议的前身是于1920年成立之「学术研究会议」，其后为因应新的研究体制，乃改组为日本学术会议。其会员由成员直接选举产生，属于总理府，直属于内阁总理大臣，被定位为特别机构。昭和23年（1948年）选出第一届会员210名，并于翌年1月开始运作。1956年，日本学士院法公布，乃将日本学士院独立分离，隶属于文部大臣。1983年，修订日本学术会议法，将会员直选的制度，改由学术研究团体推荐产生。

The Science Council of Japan (SCJ) is representative organization of Japanese scholars and scientists in all fields of sciences, including humanities, social sciences, life sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. Takashi Onishi, President of Toyohashi Tech, is the elected president in 2016. He was elected for two consecutive terms, starting in 2013. It is headquartered at Roppongi, Minato-ku in Tokyo. Members are elected by scientists of all levels, including research scholars. Elected members are recognised by the Government of Japan, similar in pattern to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in USA, upon which its institution was based. It was in fact established as American policy following US occupation of Japan after the World War II. It was inaugurated in January 1949 as to function independent as a scientific statuitory body under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister.