橄榄（学名：Olea europaea），又称油橄榄，古称齐墩、阿列布，是一种木樨科木樨榄属常绿乔木，果实主要用于榨制橄榄油。圣经故事中曾用它的树枝作为大地复苏的标志，后来西方国家把它用作和平象征。橄榄原产于东地中海盆地的沿海地区（临近的东南欧、西亚和北非沿海地区），以及里海南岸的伊朗北部地区。它的果实，也叫做橄榄，它是地中海地区一种主要的农作物，用来生产橄榄油。木樨科的植物种类还包括丁香、茉莉、连翘属植物和白蜡树属植物。很多语言中的"oil"(油)这个词最早就是源于这种树和它的果实的名称Olvia。

The olive, known by the botanical name Olea europaea, meaning "european olive", (syn. Olea sylvestris) is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, found in much of Africa, the Mediterranean Basin from Portugal to the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, and southern Asia as far east as China, as well as the Canary Islands, Mauritius and Réunion. The species is cultivated in many places and considered naturalized in Portugal, Spain, Algeria, France (including Corsica), Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Malta, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Crimea, Egypt, Israel, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Argentina, Jordan, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Lebanon, Java, Norfolk Island, California and Bermuda.