中子减速剂（英语：Neutron moderator，又称中子慢化剂）在一般情况下，可裂变核发射出的中子的飞行速度比其被其它可裂变核的捕获的中子速度要快，因此为了产生链式反应，就必须要将中子的飞行速度降下来，这时就会使用中子减速剂。

石墨中的碳元素，以及水中的氢元素都能起到慢化作用。因此通常用于热中子反应堆慢化剂的有三种材料

zh-cn:计算机断层成像zh-cn:约束zh-cn:裂变zh-cn:聚变zh-cn:μ子zh-cn:嬗变zh-cn:X射线

In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction involving uranium-235 or a similar fissile nuclide.

Commonly used moderators include regular (light) water (roughly 75% of the world's reactors), solid graphite (20% of reactors) and heavy water (5% of reactors). Beryllium has also been used in some experimental types, and hydrocarbons have been suggested as another possibility.