杰佛逊骨折（Jefferson骨折），指第一颈椎（C1）的一种特殊骨折，是一种寰椎爆裂性骨折。1920年英国脑外科医生]]Geoffrey Jefferson首先报导4例此类骨伤，后来陆续报导此伤，此后医学界将这种寰椎椎弓的特殊类型骨折称之为杰佛逊骨折。

A Jefferson fracture is a bone fracture of the anterior and posterior arches of the C1 vertebra, though it may also appear as a three- or two-part fracture. The fracture may result from an axial load on the back of the head or hyperextension of the neck (e.g. caused by diving), causing a posterior break, and may be accompanied by a break in other parts of the cervical spine.