政府预算，是一种通常由立法机关批准、行政首脑批准的法律文书，其主要包括一定类型的国家收入和开支。

收入和开支是所有预算的核心内容。在许多政府情况，收入主要来自税收。政府开支则包括现行的货物及服务等，经济学家称之为“国家消费、政府支出”（government consumption）。其中包括基础设施投资、研究经费，还有转移支付比如失业补助或退休金等。

政府预算还包括了经济、政治、科技等因素。不像纯粹的经济预算，政府预算并不考虑出于利益最大化的资源分配。其政治因素反映在不同的利益体在谋求己利并规避责任。其科技因素反映在对预算中的收入和开支的预测分析等。

A government budget is a government document presenting the government's proposed revenues and spending for a financial year that is often passed by the legislature, approved by the chief executive or president and presented by the Finance Minister to the nation. The budget is also known as the Annual Financial Statement of the country. This document estimates the anticipated government revenues and government expenditures for the ensuing (current) financial year. For example, only certain types of revenue may be imposed and collected. Property tax is frequently the basis for municipal and county revenues, while sales tax and/or income tax are the basis for state revenues, and income tax and corporate tax are the basis for national revenues.